The configuration for the Let’s Encrypt TLS certificate for this site includes a number of additional domains, mostly with my name in them, which redirect to my main domain for this site, peter.upfold.org.uk.

Some of these additional Subject Alternative Names listed in the cert are www. CNAMEs on these domains, e.g. www.peterupfold.com. It turns out that some of these www CNAMEs didn’t exist in my DNS records.

Recently, a change to Let’s Encrypt means that they appear to use Unbound 1.18 internally, where the behaviour has changed in some way, and those www CNAMEs not existing will cause this error on certificate renewal:

Problem for www.peterupfold.com: urn:ietf:params:acme:error:caa :: Certification Authority Authorization (CAA) records forbid the CA from issuing a certificate :: Error finalizing order :: While processing CAA for www.peterupfold.com: DNS problem: SERVFAIL looking up CAA for www.peterupfold.com - the domain's nameservers may be malfunctioning

It’s unclear to me how this was working before, given I was missing these www. CNAMEs entirely!

My domain registrar and DNS provider doesn’t appear to yet support adding CAA records, but that’s fine — as long as the DNS request returns NOERROR, CAA records aren’t mandatory yet.

Somewhere in this config change to Unbound 1.18 on Let’s Encrypt’s side means that the failure to resolve these www. CNAMEs means that we are not considered to be returning NOERROR for the CAA records. This causes this error above, and the subsequent refusal to issue the renewed cert.

Anyway, I added www. CNAMEs in my DNS management panel for each domain that was failing, re-issued the renewal request and now all is well.